Difference between revisions of "GNU Free Documentation License"

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<nowiki> GNU Free Documentation License
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__NOTOC__
  Version 1.2, November 2002
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Version 1.2, November 2002  
  
 +
:Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 +
:51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
 +
:Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 +
:of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
  
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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==0. PREAMBLE==
    51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
 
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
 
  
 +
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
  
0. PREAMBLE
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This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.  
  
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.  
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
 
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
 
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
 
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
 
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
 
for modifications made by others.
 
  
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
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==1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS ==
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
 
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
 
license designed for free software.
 
  
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
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This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.  
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
 
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
 
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
 
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
 
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
 
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
 
  
 +
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
  
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
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A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.  
  
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
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The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.  
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
 
distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
 
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
 
work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
 
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
 
licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you
 
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
 
under copyright law.
 
  
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
+
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.  
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
 
modifications and/or translated into another language.
 
  
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
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A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".  
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
 
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
 
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
 
within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in part a
 
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
 
mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
 
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
 
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
 
them.
 
  
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.  
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
 
that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a
 
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
 
allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero
 
Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant
 
Sections then there are none.
 
  
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
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The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.  
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
 
the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
 
be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
 
  
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
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A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.  
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
 
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
 
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
 
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
 
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
 
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
 
to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
 
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
 
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
 
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
 
of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
 
  
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
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The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.  
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
 
or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
 
HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
 
transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats
 
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
 
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
 
processing tools are not generally available, and the
 
machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
 
processors for output purposes only.
 
  
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
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==2. VERBATIM COPYING ==
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
 
this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
 
formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
 
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
 
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
 
  
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
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You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.  
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
 
text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a
 
specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
 
"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)  To "Preserve the Title"
 
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
 
section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
 
  
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
+
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.  
states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty
 
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
 
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
 
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
 
no effect on the meaning of this License.
 
  
 +
==3. COPYING IN QUANTITY ==
  
2. VERBATIM COPYING
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If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.  
  
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.  
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
 
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
 
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
 
conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
 
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
 
copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
 
compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
 
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
 
  
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
+
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.  
you may publicly display copies.
 
  
 +
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
  
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
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==4. MODIFICATIONS ==
  
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
+
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
 
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
 
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
 
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
 
the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
 
you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
 
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
 
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
 
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
 
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
 
as verbatim copying in other respects.
 
  
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
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* '''A.''' Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+
* '''B.''' List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
+
* '''C.''' State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
pages.
+
* '''D.''' Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
 +
* '''E.''' Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
 +
* '''F.''' Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
 +
* '''G.''' Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
 +
* '''H.''' Include an unaltered copy of this License.
 +
* '''I.''' Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
 +
* '''J.''' Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
 +
* '''K.''' For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
 +
* '''L.''' Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
 +
* '''M.''' Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
 +
* '''N.''' Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
 +
* '''O.''' Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
 +
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.  
  
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
+
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.  
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
 
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
 
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
 
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
 
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
 
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
 
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
 
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
 
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
 
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
 
edition to the public.
 
  
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
+
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.  
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
 
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
 
  
 +
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
  
4. MODIFICATIONS
+
==5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS ==
  
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
+
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
 
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
 
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
 
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
 
of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
 
  
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
+
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.  
  from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
 
  (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
 
  of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
 
  if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
 
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
 
  responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
 
  Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
 
  Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
 
  unless they release you from this requirement.
 
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
 
  Modified Version, as the publisher.
 
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
 
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
 
  adjacent to the other copyright notices.
 
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
 
  giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
 
  terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
 
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
 
  and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
 
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
 
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
 
  to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
 
  publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
 
  there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
 
  stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
 
  given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
 
  Version as stated in the previous sentence.
 
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
 
  public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
 
  the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
 
  it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.
 
  You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
 
  least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
 
  publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
 
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
 
  Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
 
  the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
 
  and/or dedications given therein.
 
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
 
  unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
 
  or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
 
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
 
  may not be included in the Modified Version.
 
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
 
  or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
 
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
 
  
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
 
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
 
of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
 
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
 
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
 
  
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
+
==6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS ==
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
 
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
 
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
 
standard.
 
  
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
+
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.  
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
 
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
 
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
 
through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
 
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
 
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
 
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
 
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
 
  
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
+
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.  
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
 
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
 
  
 +
==7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS ==
  
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.  
  
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
+
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.  
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
 
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
 
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
 
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
 
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
 
  
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+
==8. TRANSLATION ==
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
 
copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
 
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
 
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
 
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
 
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
 
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
 
  
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
+
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.  
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
 
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
 
and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
 
Entitled "Endorsements".
 
  
 +
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
  
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
==9. TERMINATION ==
  
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
+
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.  
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
 
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
 
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
 
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
 
  
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
+
==10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE ==
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
 
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
 
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
 
  
 +
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
  
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
  
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
+
= How to use this License for your documents =
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
 
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
 
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
 
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
 
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
 
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
 
derivative works of the Document.
 
  
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
 
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
 
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
 
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
 
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
 
aggregate.
 
  
 +
:Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
 +
:Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 +
:under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
 +
:or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
 +
:with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
 +
:A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
 +
:Free Documentation License".
  
8. TRANSLATION
+
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
  
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+
:with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
+
:Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
 
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
 
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
 
original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
 
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
 
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
 
the original English version of this License and the original versions
 
of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between
 
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
 
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
 
  
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
+
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.  
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
 
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
 
title.
 
  
 
+
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.
9. TERMINATION
 
 
 
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
 
as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to
 
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
 
automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,
 
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
 
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
 
parties remain in full compliance.
 
 
 
 
 
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
 
 
 
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
 
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
 
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
 
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
 
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
 
 
 
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
 
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
 
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
 
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
 
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
 
Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
 
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
 
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
 
 
 
 
 
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
 
 
 
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
 
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
 
license notices just after the title page:
 
 
 
    Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
 
    Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 
    under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
 
    or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
 
    with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
 
    A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
 
    Free Documentation License".
 
 
 
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
 
replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
 
 
 
    with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
 
    Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
 
 
 
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
 
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
 
situation.
 
 
 
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
 
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
 
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
 
to permit their use in free software.
 
<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki></nowiki>
 

Revision as of 21:15, 30 July 2007

Version 1.2, November 2002

Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

0. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

  • A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
  • B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
  • C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
  • D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
  • E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
  • F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
  • G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
  • H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
  • I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
  • J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
  • K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
  • L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
  • M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
  • N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
  • O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.